Remarks

Many journal DTDs model the <etal> element as EMPTY, that is, the element has no content. Such an empty element is typically used as a place holder, for example, to generate the text “et al.” via a stylesheet. In this DTD, the element is usually used as an empty element, but the DTD also accommodates those journal DTDs (Blackwell’s, for example) which expect content inside <etal>, so the element is modeled with text content instead of as formally EMPTY and may contain text such as “Associates, co-workers, and colleagues”.