Within bibliographic references and contributor groupings, this element designates unnamed individuals (typically indicated in print with the text “et al.”).
Many journal DTDs model the <etal> element as EMPTY, that is, the element has no content. Such an empty element is typically used as a place holder, for example, to generate the text “et al.” via a stylesheet. In this DTD, the element is usually used as an empty element, but the DTD also accommodates those journal DTDs (Blackwell’s, for example) which expect content inside <etal>, so the element is modeled with text content instead of as formally EMPTY and may contain text such as “Associates, co-workers, and colleagues”.
<!ELEMENT etal %etal-model; >
Any combination of:
<citation> Citation; <contrib> Contributor; <contrib-group> Contributor Group; <person-group> Person Group for a Cited Publication; <product> Product Information; <related-article> Related Article Information
...
<back>
<ref-list>...
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label>
<citation>
<name><surname>Parker</surname>
<given-names>SG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Du</surname>
<given-names>X</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bardsley</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names></name><etal/>
<article-title>Measuring outcomes in care of the elderly.</article-title>
<source>J R Coll Phys Lond</source>
<volume>28</volume>
<year>1994</year>
<fpage>428</fpage>
<lpage>433</lpage>.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7807432</pub-id>
</citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back></article>
common.ent