Within bibliographic references and contributor groupings, this element designates unnamed individuals (typically indicated in print with the text “et al.”).
Many journal tag sets model the <etal> element as EMPTY, that is, the element has no content. Such an empty element is typically used as a place holder, for example, to generate the text “et al.” via a stylesheet. In this Tag Set, the element is usually used as an empty element, but the Tag Set also accommodates those journal Tag Sets that expect content inside <etal>, so the element is modeled with text content instead of as formally EMPTY and may contain text such as “Associates, co-workers, and colleagues”.
This element may only be used in bibliographic references (in <element-citation> and <mixed-citation> via <person-group>).
<!ELEMENT etal %etal-model; >
(#PCDATA)*
Text, numbers, or special characters, zero or more
<element-citation>, <mixed-citation>, <person-group>, <product>, <related-article>, <related-object>
In a mixed-style bibliographic citation (punctuation and spacing preserved):
...
<back>
<ref-list>...
<ref id="B26">
<mixed-citation>
<string-name><surname>Parker</surname>,
<given-names>SG</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Du</surname>,
<given-names>X</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Bardsley</surname>,
<given-names>R</given-names></string-name>,
<etal>et al.</etal>
<article-title>Measuring outcomes in care of the elderly</article-title>.
<source>J R Coll Phys Lond</source> <year>1994</year>;
<volume>28</volume>: <fpage>428</fpage>–<lpage>433</lpage>.
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7807432</pub-id>.
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...
In an element-style bibliographic citation (punctuation and spacing removed):
...
<back>
<ref-list>...
<ref id="B26">
<element-citation>
<person-group>
<name><surname>Parker</surname>
<given-names>SG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Du</surname>
<given-names>X</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bardsley</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Measuring outcomes in care of the elderly</article-title>
<source>J R Coll Phys Lond</source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<fpage>428</fpage>
<lpage>433</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7807432</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
...
common3.ent