<citation>

Citation

Definition

A bibliographic description of a work (such as a journal article, book, or personal communication) used as a reference for an article or referred to in the article. Citations may be cited directly in the text of an article or listed in a bibliographic reference list at the end of the article with the reference list item cited from within the text.

Remarks

Although in this tag set, citations are allowed to float freely within a paragraph, most journals require that the full citation be listed in the bibliographic reference list <ref-list> and only a X(cross) Reference <xref> be inserted into the text at the place of reference.

Best Practice: Although the Publishing Tag Set does not enforce it, best practice is to tag as many of the following elements as possible within a citation to a journal article or a book, so that PubMed Central, CrossRef, or other matching service can make the journal citation into a live link:

source

The title of a journal, book, conference proceedings, etc. that is the source of the cited material. (Note: In PubMed Central processing, this is typically the MEDLINE abbreviation of the journal name.)

article-title

Title of the article

volume

Volume of the journal

issue

Issue of the journal

fpage

Page number on which the article starts

name

Name of an author or editor

year

Year of publication

month

Month of publication (if present)

day

Date of publication (if present)

The other elements may be tagged if desired. Use the <source> element for titles of books, conference proceedings, etc.

Linking Note: In order to make citations into live links, as much of the author and date information as is available should be preserved, even if it not possible to tag all the element just named. The most important date tag is <year>, and it should always be tagged if possible, for example, <year>2003</year>. The <day> and <month> tags are used more rarely; they are provided because some of the citation matching services can use the month and day information if it is available.

Punctuation and Spacing: In those instances in which portions of a citation are not tagged, all punctuation and spacing must be included as part of the text in order to enable rendering for display. If a citation is fully tagged, there are two styles of handling punctuation and spacing: 1) all the periods, commas, spaces, and other punctuation may be in the tagged citation (preferably in the citation but outside the internal tagging in the citation (e.g., “<lpage>236</lpage>.”) or 2) all spacing and punctuation may be completely removed.

Incomplete References: Some journals identify successive bibliographic references by the same author or involving the same journal by omitting the duplicated portion of the reference and inserting a vertical rule or the word “Ibid” or “Id.” instead of the author’s name or the journal title. Since it is the intention of the Publishing Tag Set to preserve the information provided in a bibliographic reference, and since best practice tagging would make each bibliographic reference accessible for CrossRef (and similar) queries, such references should be enhanced by tagging the author’s name or the journal title based on the name or title provided in the proceeding reference. At the discretion of the archive, the word “Ibid” or “Id.” may also be retained as part of the textual content.

Attributes

citation-type Type of Citation
id Identifier
xlink:actuate Actuating the Link
xlink:href Href (Linking Mechanism)
xlink:role Role of the Link
xlink:show Showing the Link
xlink:title Title of the Link
xlink:type Type of Link
xmlns:xlink XLink Namespace Declaration

Related Elements

There are two kinds of citations in this tag set; the <citation> element is free form to accommodate many styles of references, while the other element (<nlm-citation>) has a rigid structure of elements within it.

Model Information

Content Model

<!ELEMENT  citation     (#PCDATA %citation-elements;)*               >

Description

Any combination of:

This element may be contained in:

<p> Paragraph; <ref> Reference Item; <td> Table Data Cell (XHTML table model); <th> Table Header Cell (XHTML table model)

Tagged Examples

Example 1

    

A reference to a journal article (punctuation and spacing removed):


<article>
<front>...</front>
<body>...</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
...
<ref id="B7">
<citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group>
<name><surname>Woodford-Williams</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names></name>
<name><surname>McKeon</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Trotter</surname>
<given-names>IS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Watson</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bushby</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The day hospital in the community care
of the elderly</article-title>
<source>Gerontology Clinic</source>
<year>1962</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<fpage>241</fpage>
<lpage>256</lpage>
</citation>
</ref>
...
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>


Example 2

    

A reference to a journal article (punctuation and spacing preserved):


<article>
<front>...</front>
<body>...</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
...
<ref id="B7">
<citation citation-type="journal">
<name><surname>Woodford-Williams</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names></name>, 
<name><surname>McKeon</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names></name>, 
<name><surname>Trotter</surname>
<given-names>IS</given-names></name>, 
<name><surname>Watson</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names></name>, and 
<name><surname>Bushby</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names></name>.
<article-title>The day hospital in the community care
of the elderly</article-title>. 
<source>Gerontology Clinic</source>
<year>1962</year>; 
<volume>4</volume>: 
<fpage>241</fpage>&ndash;
<lpage>256</lpage>.
</citation>
</ref>
...
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>


Example 3

A reference to a Listserv (punctuation and spacing removed):

    
...
<ref-list>
...
<ref id="B18"><label>18</label>
<citation citation-type="list">
<source>Washington Area SGML/XML Users Group Listserv</source>
<comment>List archives are available at:
<ext-link xlink:href="https://www.eccnet.com/pipermail/dc-xmlusers/">
http://www.eccnet.com/pipermail/dc-xmlusers/</ext-link>
</comment>
<access-date>[cited 2005 Sep 6]</access-date>
</citation>
</ref>
...
</ref-list>
...


    

Example 4

A reference to a Listserv (punctuation and spacing preserved):

    
...
<ref-list>
...
<ref id="B18"><label>18</label>
<citation citation-type="list">
<source>Washington Area SGML/XML Users Group Listserv</source>.
<comment>List archives are available at:
<ext-link xlink:href="https://www.eccnet.com/pipermail/dc-xmlusers/">
http://www.eccnet.com/pipermail/dc-xmlusers/</ext-link>
</comment>
<access-date>[cited 2005 Sep 6]</access-date>.
</citation>
</ref>
...
</ref-list>
...


    

Example 5

A reference to something other than the listed reference types (punctuation and spacing removed):

    
...
<ref-list>
...
<ref id="B28"><label>28</label>
<citation citation-type="other">
<article-title>Bazooka Joe and his Gang&#x00AE;</article-title>
<source>Topps Bazooka Bubble Gum</source>
<comment>Comic #18</comment>
</citation>
</ref>
...
</ref-list>
...


    

Example 6

A reference to something other than the listed reference types (punctuation and spacing preserved):

    
...
<ref-list>
...
<ref id="B28"><label>28</label>
<citation citation-type="other">
<article-title>Bazooka Joe and his Gang&#x00AE;</article-title>.
<source>Topps Bazooka Bubble Gum</source>.
<comment>Comic #18</comment>.
</citation>
</ref>
...
</ref-list>
...


    

Example 7

A reference to a journal article. When a citation is only minimally tagged, all punctuation and spacing will be included as part of the text.

    
<article>
<front>...</front>
<body>...</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
...
<ref id="C10"><label>14</label>
<citation citation-type="journal">Carter, A.P., Clemons,
W.M., Brodersen, D.E., Morgan-Warren, R.J., Wimberly, B.T.,
and Ramakrishnan, V. Functional insights from the structure
of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with
antibiotics. <source>Nature</source> <year>2002</year>;
<volume>07</volume>:<fpage>340</fpage>&#x02013;348.
</citation>
</ref>
...
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>


    

Module

common.ent